MadSci Network: Chemistry |
What you are referring to are artificial radioactive isotopes.
An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons from normal (actually the normal one is also an isotope - the most common). A radioactive isotope is one which is unstable and decays naturally. When an atom decays it becomes a different element.
The time it takes for half of a sample to decay is called the half-life. This is the time you are referring to in your question.
There are over 1600 different nuclides (isotopes of all the elements), only 238 of which are stable, and only another 69 occur naturally. The rest are artificial- made in nuclear reactors. No element with a mass number of 84 or above has any stable isotopes. Some (e.g. Uranium ) have such a long half-life that they are found in nature. Others (e.g. Radon) are only found as intermediates in a chain of decay. Still others (e.g. Technetium) have such a short half-life that there are no detectable quantities in nature, they are only found in nuclear reactors.
A look through my data book revealed that there are 30 isotopes with
half-lives greater than 1013 years, meaning 1 followed by 13
zeros, or 10 million million.
The following long half lives might be of interest:
uranium-238 | 4.5 x 109 years | |
plutonium-239 | 2.4 x 104 years | |
lead-204 | 1.4 x 1017 years | |
zirconium-96 | over 1017 years | (the longest in my book) |
aluminium-28 | 2.31 minutes |
vanadium-52 | 3.75 minutes |
copper-65 | 5.10 minutes |
According to New Scientist, Mar 2,1996 p 7. The subject line tells the tale. According to the article, physicists have created one atom of element 112. It lasted 0.3 milliseconds. They hope to be able to create element 114 soon, which "they hope will have a half-life of more than a few seconds".
Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Chemistry.