MadSci Network: Neuroscience |
L-Dopa (levo-Dopa) is produced in all dopaminergic neurons in the human nervous system since it is an intermediate in the synthesis of dopamine. Basically, the whole process starts with the amino acid L-tyrosine being transported across the blood-brain-barrier into the brain and the neurons themselves. L-Tyrosine is converted into L-Dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase and L-Dopa is subsequently decarboxylated to dopamine by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The first process is rate limiting. i.e. it underlies strict control through various processes, e.g. a feedback inhibition through dopamine (end product of the biochemical chain), and signals coming from dopamine autoreceptors on the presynaptic axon terminals. L-Dopa itself is quickly converted to dopamine. Therefore L-Dopa levels are negligible in brain tissue under normal conditions. This knowledge was applied in early attempts to treat Parkinson's disease by supplying L-Dopa which readily passes the blood brain barrier and is converted to dopamine in the neurons. Supplying L-Tyrosine would be rather futile because its biochemical conversion is so tightly regulated and therefore proceeds at a much slower rate than the conversion of L-Dopa to tyrosine. The motion picture 'Awakenings' gives a vivid account of these first attempts to treat PD. I might add that nowadays treatment also focuses on inhibiting the dopamine degrading enzymes, so called MAO (monoamino-oxidase) inhibitors. I hoped this helped you a little bit. In case you have further questions feel free to email me.
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