MadSci Network: Medicine |
The human body has a number of defensive mechanisms to protect the body against harmful agents. The first line of defense is a mechanical barrier, the skin. Any part of the body exposed to the enviroment must be protected from harm. Thus the body has specialized tissues to contact the environment. Although the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are inside of our bodies they actually contact the environment. In the case of the respiratory tract, this contact is through breathing. For the gastrointestinal tract, this contact is through ingestion of food. Both of these systems utilize mucosal tissues. The mucosa are specialized cells which secrete, you guessed it, mucous. The mucous we are most familiar with is that found in the nose. Mucous contains proteins, DNA from dead cells, and carbohydrates that are very sticky. You probably already know this if you have ever tried to blow your nose. The stickiness of the mucous traps most particles that come into contact with it. For example, if you spend any time in a very dusty area or near an open fire, you may find the mucous ("snot") in your nose turns brown (dust) or black (soot from the fire). In addition to the stickiness of mucous, in the respiratory system has an elaborate system to remove particles that make it past the nose. This mucociliary system can be thought of as a mucous escalator. The only direction trapped particles can go is up. The cilia on these cells hand up the particles until they are deposited in the nose or mouth. A second method the respiratory system uses is coughing. This brings up large particles as well as mucous (phlegm). The types of particles you observed are generally not harmful to the body. However, if you have allergies, you know that pollen and mold can create problems. The effect of pollen and mold is not a natural harmful property of mold or pollen, but an abnormal response of the immune system to the presence of these particles. The mucous lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts contain antibodies (IgE and IgA, respectively). These antibodies bind to immune cells called mast cells and to things like pollen and mold. Mast cells make and release histamines which make your nose run and eyes water. Over-the- counter drugs which help us with allergy symptoms are called antihistamines because they work by blocking the activity of the body's histamine.
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