| MadSci Network: Medicine |
The human body has a number of defensive mechanisms to protect the body
against harmful agents. The first line of defense is a mechanical barrier,
the skin. Any part of the body exposed to the enviroment must be protected
from harm. Thus the body has specialized tissues to contact the
environment.
Although the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are inside of our
bodies they actually contact the environment. In the case of the
respiratory tract, this contact is through breathing. For the
gastrointestinal tract, this contact is through ingestion of food. Both of
these systems utilize mucosal tissues. The mucosa are specialized cells
which secrete, you guessed it, mucous.
The mucous we are most familiar with is that found in the nose. Mucous
contains proteins, DNA from dead cells, and carbohydrates that are very
sticky. You probably already know this if you have ever tried to blow your
nose. The stickiness of the mucous traps most particles that come into
contact with it. For example, if you spend any time in a very dusty area or
near an open fire, you may find the mucous ("snot") in your nose turns brown
(dust) or black (soot from the fire).
In addition to the stickiness of mucous, in the respiratory system has
an elaborate system to remove particles that make it past the nose. This
mucociliary system can be thought of as a mucous escalator. The only
direction trapped particles can go is up. The cilia on these cells hand up
the particles until they are deposited in the nose or mouth. A second
method the respiratory system uses is coughing. This brings up large
particles as well as mucous (phlegm).
The types of particles you observed are generally not harmful to the
body. However, if you have allergies, you know that pollen and mold can
create problems. The effect of pollen and mold is not a natural harmful
property of mold or pollen, but an abnormal response of the immune system to
the presence of these particles.
The mucous lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts contain
antibodies (IgE and IgA, respectively). These antibodies bind to immune
cells called mast cells and to things like pollen and mold. Mast cells make
and release histamines which make your nose run and eyes water. Over-the-
counter drugs which help us with allergy symptoms are called antihistamines
because they work by blocking the activity of the body's histamine.
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