MadSci Network: Environment & Ecology |
T answer your question "back to front": hydrogen sulfide is emitted from kraft paper-pulp mills because it is a by product of the kraft paper process, a process by which lignin is removed from wood pulp by a chemically reducing method (kraft paper is high wet-strength paper: e.g., paper bags, copy paper). Similarly, sulfite-process pulp mills, that produce low wet-strength papers like paper towels and egg carton cardboard, emit sulfur dioxide as a by product. the sulfite process removes the lignin by a chemically oxidizing process. In high enough concentrations, both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are very hazardous to health; hydrogen sulfide can kill you. However, both have threshold concentrations in air below which there is no noticeable effect. the health effects of both are concentration-dependent. Neither one accumulates in the body. EPA has set emission standards designed to protect health for both these air pollutants, and pulp mills in the United States are generally well controlled. Kraft mills have a distinctive unpleasant odor when hydrogen sulfide is emitted in excess or violation of the EPA standard. Mercaptans are produced by kraft mills and in other industrial processes. they are also the class of compounds that give excrement its foul odor. All mercaptans have a strong, highly unpleasant odor that actually prevents their being inhaled in significant amounts. They will nauseate you before they cause permanent health damage. Mercaptan emissions are controlled by a variety of oxidation processes. Few industries in the U. S. emit mercaptans in significant quantities because of the complaints they get about the odor. Dioxins are produced by a wide variety of processes, including ordinary barbecuing. There has been considerable controversy over whether or not they have any adverse health effects, and how severe those effects might be. After the accidental emission of a large quantity of a dioxin (TCDD) from a plant in Seveso, Italy, the community was evacuated, but eventually allowed back because of pressure from people who wanted to return to their homes. The feared health effects did not materialize. Dioxins are ubiquitous in the U. S. It is unlikely that the small concentrations found in U. S. air have averse health effects. However, the jury is still out.
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