MadSci Network: General Biology |
Why don’t people get goose bumps on their face? Goose bumps are caused by little muscles in the skin called erector pilae. Each of these muscles is attached to a hair follicle. So, when the muscle contracts, the hair stands up straight. In many animals this provides extra insulation by trapping air between the hairs, or makes the animals look slightly larger by causing all its hairs to stand out (which can be useful when the animal is threatened and wants to make itself look as big and mean as possible). In humans the same phenomenon is going on, except that our hair is not thick enough to make a real difference for insulation or for threats. Still, the erector pilae involuntarily contract when we are cold or frightened and give us goose bumps. There are, however, several parts of the body where the skin does not possess erector pilae muscles. These are usually areas where the skin is serving other functions, such as the grasping function of the palms. In the face, we still have erector pilae like muscles, except that they have grown much larger. Collectively, these muscles are known as the muscles of facial expression. In most animals, their main job it to aid in chewing and keeping the mouth closed. They still serve these functions in humans, but they also allow us to smile, frown and make a number of other faces to convey emotion. So, we don’t get goose bumps on our face because the skin muscles have other, more important, functions in that area.
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