MadSci Network: Biochemistry |
Your question concerns how we can increase the brain's electrical activity, and the assumption behind your question is that more electrical activity would lead to faster, deeper, and better thinking. Unfortunately, if there's one rule that applies to brain activity, it is this one: More is NOT always better. The parts of our brains that may be responsible for consciousness are the thalamus and cerebral cortex. The part of our brain that makes us human, lets us think critically, communicate in complex ways, and plan ahead is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that is most immediately recognizable it's the wrinkly part on the outside. The cerebral cortex is actually only a shell (hence the latin name cortex) that is about an inch thick. Underneath and behind it are the rest of the parts of the brain : the thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that allows us to think, is always balanced on the edge of chaos. That is because there are two main influences in the brain nerve cells that make other nerve cells increase their electrical activity (excitatory cells), and nerve cells that decrease electrical activity in other nerve cells (inhibitory cells). Now at first glance, one might think that those inhibitory nerve cells are the ones that are holding us back, but that is not the case at all. There is a word for people whose inhibitory nerve cells don't prevent excess electrical activity as well as they should - these people are epileptic. Epilepsy is not well understood, but it is known that epileptics have seizures when their cortex balance tips towards chaos. In other words, epileptics have just a little more excitation or a little less inhibition in their cerebral cortex nerve cells than other people. The little imbalance feeds off itself to become a bigger and bigger imbalance, and that's when epileptic people have a seizure. But it IS possible to have better, faster and deeper thoughts, just not in the way you suggested. In fact, many experiments have been done to try to figure out how to make smarter people, and to study the brains of smart people (like Einstein). It was found that what is needed is not more actity, but more CONNECTIONS between nerve cells in the brain. If you take two groups of rats and raise one set in a boring lab cage and the other set in an enriched or interesting environment, the set that was raised in the enriched environment had more nerve cells in their cerebral cortex, more connections between nerve cells, and were smarter than the set that was raised in the boring environment. Another set of studies looked at Einstein's brain (they took it out and preserved it after he died) to see whether it was different from other people's brains. What they found was very interesting. Einstein's brain was smaller than normal in size, yup, smaller. But they found that his brain was different in two ways from the brains of normal (not genius) people. First, his brain had more support cells, or glia, than average. Glia help nerve cells function, and more glia might mean that Einstein?s nerve cells were working harder than average - perhaps that his nerve cells had more connections with other nerve cells than average. Secondly, Einstein's brain had a higher density of nerve cells - he just had more than the average person. The question now is - how do I think better, faster and deeper? The short answer is : you build those connections! You can't grow more nerve cells as an adult; what you've got is all you're going to have. But what you can do is help the neurons you have to work better. Read and learn all you can - every new thing you learn is stored in and between your nerve cells, and learning, even as an adult, may increase the number of connections your nerve cells have with each other. For further reading, there are lots of books on this topic. Any good Neuroscience textbook will have good information. Principles of Neural Science by Kandel et al. and Neuroscience by Bear et al. are both good. There are also lots of good websites. There's even an exhibit at the Smithsonian now that explores the issues you raise in your question: http:// www.pfizer.com/brain/ If you want more information, please contact me. Brenda
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