MadSci Network: Biochemistry
Query:

Re: How is it possible to increase the brain electricty pulses

Date: Tue Nov 13 13:35:02 2001
Posted By: Brenda Hefti, Grad student, Neuroscience Pgm/Physiology Dept
Area of science: Biochemistry
ID: 1005264002.Bc
Message:

Your question concerns how we can increase the brain's electrical activity,
and the assumption behind your question is that more electrical activity
would lead to faster, deeper, and better thinking.  Unfortunately, if
there's one rule that applies to brain activity, it is this one:

More is NOT always better.

The parts of our brains that may be responsible for consciousness are the
thalamus and cerebral cortex.  The part of our brain that makes us human,
lets us think critically, communicate in complex ways, and plan ahead  is
the cerebral cortex.  The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that is
most immediately recognizable it's the wrinkly part on the outside.  The
cerebral cortex is actually only a shell (hence the latin name cortex) that
is about an inch thick.  Underneath and behind it are the rest of the parts
of the brain : the thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum.

The cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that allows us to think, is
always balanced on the edge of chaos.  That is because there are two main
influences in the brain nerve cells that make other nerve cells increase
their electrical activity (excitatory cells), and nerve cells that decrease
electrical activity in other nerve cells (inhibitory cells).

Now at first glance, one might think that those inhibitory nerve cells are
the ones that are holding us back, but that is not the case at all.  There
is a word for people whose inhibitory nerve cells don't prevent excess
electrical activity as well as they should - these people are epileptic. 
Epilepsy is not well understood, but it is known that epileptics have
seizures when their cortex balance tips towards chaos.  In other words,
epileptics have just a little more excitation or a little less inhibition
in their cerebral cortex nerve cells than other people.  The little
imbalance feeds off itself to become a bigger and bigger imbalance, and
that's when epileptic people have a seizure.

But it IS possible to have better, faster and deeper thoughts, just not in
the way you suggested.  In fact, many experiments have been done to try to
figure out how to make smarter people, and to study the brains of smart
people (like Einstein).  It was found that what is needed is not more
actity, but more CONNECTIONS between nerve cells in the brain.  If you take
two groups of rats and raise one set in a boring lab cage and the other set
in an enriched or interesting environment, the set that was raised in the
enriched environment had more nerve cells in their cerebral cortex, more
connections between nerve cells, and were smarter than the set that was
raised in the boring environment.

Another set of studies looked at Einstein's brain (they took it out and
preserved it after he died) to see whether it was different from other
people's brains.  What they found was very interesting. Einstein's brain
was smaller than normal in size, yup, smaller.  But they found that his
brain was different in two ways from the brains of normal (not genius)
people.  First, his brain had more support cells, or glia, than average. 
Glia help nerve cells function, and more glia might mean that Einstein?s
nerve cells were working harder than average - perhaps that his nerve cells
had more connections with other nerve cells than average.  Secondly,
Einstein's brain had a higher density of nerve cells - he just had more
than the average person.

The question now is - how do I think better, faster and deeper?

The short answer is : you build those connections!  You can't grow more
nerve cells as an adult; what you've got is all you're going to have.  But
what you can do is help the neurons you have to work better.  Read and
learn all you can - every new thing you learn is stored in and between your
nerve cells, and learning, even as an adult, may increase the number of
connections your nerve cells have with each other.

For further reading, there are lots of books on this topic.  Any good
Neuroscience textbook will have good information. Principles of Neural
Science by Kandel et al. and Neuroscience by Bear et al. are both good. 
There are also lots of good websites.  There's even an exhibit at the
Smithsonian now that explores the issues you raise in your question: http://
www.pfizer.com/brain/ 

If you want more information, please contact me.

Brenda




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