MadSci Network: Physics |
By definition, refraction is defined by the change of at least two of those measurements. First, any type of wave (light, sound, surface water, vibrations on a string/spring)will demonstrate a velocity dependent on the medium it travels through. Light is fastest in a vacuum and moves slower in water and still slower in glass. Sound travels faster in water than in air. Ripples travel faster in deep water than in shallow. Sound travels faster in hot gas than in cold gas. On a violin string it travels faster under greater tension; so you "tune" a string instrument by changing the speed of the waves. So when a wave (pick your choice) enters a different medium, it changes its speed of propagation. Frequencies are difficult to see and measure in many cases. Consider that the vibrations could be measured before entering a new medium, inside the new medium, and again upon exiting. If they were to decrease at the first surface, we would have more waves going in than could come out. Hard to explain. If they were to increase, there would soon be an infinite number in the middle medium. Also hard to explain. For visible waves, we can see that the frequencies do not change. From wave equation, if the frequency is constant, the wavelength must be inverse to the speed. This is also visible for water waves and for vibrations on a spring. For one dimensional waves, there can be no change in direction. For surface or 3-dimensional waves, they follow Snell's Law. So yes, speed and wavelength change (inversely) and the frequency is constant. The greater the density of the medium, the greater the changes observed.
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