MadSci Network: Molecular Biology |
Swapping plant genetic material The most commonly followed technique is the Protoplast fusion technique. Protoplast is basically the cell from which the cell wall is removed either physically or by use of enzymes. Different enzymes are used for preparation of protoplasts depending upon the composition of the cell wall. Pectinases are used to dissolve the lamella; the cell wall is broken down by cellulase and many other enzymes. Protoplast fusion is generally carried out by the addition of calcium ions, polyethylene glycol or electric current. In this the aggregation of two or more protoplasts is not enough to start a fusion. Interspecific fusions are easy to generate rather than intraspecific once. It is even possible to fuse plant protoplasts and animal cells (fibroblasts) and to keep the fusion product alive for several hours. Protoplasts can regenerate into complete plants. Protoplasts of the same or different origin can fuse with each other and the fusion product may even regenerate into a plant also called somatic hybridization. The protoplast can take up nucleic acids and proteins, viruses, cell components by phagocytosis. The second method is to take a gene from the bacteria / virus that cause a disease and insert it into a plant cell. The cell has to adopt the gene as part of its own DNA. Each cell will pass on that inserted DNA when it divides into two new cells. This is how you will get copies of the required character you aim for. The first task is finding the right gene you intend to transfer into the host cell and the insertion sequence in the host DNA. Next, they have to insert it into a target plant cell. There are two primary ways to do this. The most common method is to use a bacterium that naturally infects the plant. For example, Agrobacterium tumefaciens easily infects many plants. During infection, the bacterium transfers part of its DNA plasmid into the plant cell nucleus. In doing this, the bacterium causes the plant to grow tumors. A newer technique for delivering genes is called the “gene gun.” Scientists load genes into microscopic gold particles. They accelerate the particles and shoot them into the plant cell. As the particles pass through the cell, some of the DNA is left behind to mix with the cell’s own DNA. Once the new DNA is embedded in the cell nucleus, the genetic blueprint for the new gene is replicated whenever the cell divides. When the plant reproduces, its offspring will contain the recombinant DNA as well. Hope this satisfies the query.
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