MadSci Network: Medicine |
The pupil is an opening in the front of the eye that allows light to reach the retina. In dim light, the diameter of the pupil increases so that more light can pass into the eye; in bright light, the pupils constrict (become smaller) so that less light reaches the eye. The regulation of this motion is involuntary and depends on two pupillary muscles, the dilator and sphincter pupillae. The spinchter is a ring-shaped muscles that closes the pupil, while the dilator consists of muscle fibers that open the pupil. The spinchter is controlled by parasympathetic nervours system, which is the part of the central nervous sytem responsible for bringing a body back to its normal, relaxed state after it has been stimulated or excited. The action of the dilator comes from the sypathetic nervous system, which pushes the body into an excited state (for example, in emergency situations that cause stress). The sympathetic nerve fibers originate in a part of the brain called the hypothalamaus. From there, the cells descend down the brain stem and make connections with other nerve cells in the spinal cord which ultimately innervate the pupillary dillator muscle. The parasympathetic nerve fibers also originate in the hypothalamus, but they descend to a part of the brain calleed the midbrain. They ultimately leave the brain and connects to the pupil. When a person dies, his brain is no longer active or may be damaged. COnsequenlty, there is are no longer any parasymptathetic actions that regulate constriction, and the pupils remain dilated.
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